All computers basicly compose of four components. These are input, storage, processing and output. This is actually, what makes a computer a computer. The earliest computers were made out of wood and metal with mechanical levers and gears. By the 20th century, though, computers started using electrical components. The early computers were really large and really slow. A computer size of a room might take hours just to do a basic math problem.
The first component is input. You can tell computers what to do with keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, GPS, the microphone and the camera. If you are wearing a computer on your wrist, it might listen to your heartbeat or in your car, it might be listening to what the car is doing. All these different inputs give a computer information, which is then stored in memory. A computer's processor takes information from memory. It manipulates or changes information using an algorithm, which is just a series of commands. Then it sends the processed information back to be stored memory again. This continues until the processed information is ready to be output.
How a computer outputs information depends on what the computer is designed to do. A computer display can show text, photos, videos or interactive games. The output of a computer may even include signals to comtrol a robot. When computers connect over the Internet, the output from one computer becomes the input to another, and vice versa.
You may have heard that computers work on ones and zeros. But almost nobody today actually deals with directly with these ones and zeros but they play a big role inside. Inside a computer are electric wires and circuits that carry all the information in a computer. If you have single wire with electricity flowing through it, the signal could either be on or off. Namely, it can represent 1 and 0. We call this binary state as a bit and, it is the smallest piece of information a computer can store. If you use more wires, you can represent more complex information. While we are using decimal number system, a computer uses binary number system so, we can represent all numbers with ones and zeros. With 8 wires, you can store numbers between 0 and 255. Think of all letters in the alphabet. You could assign a number to each letter. Therefore you can represent any word or a paragraph as a sequence of numbers. Likewise, numbers can represent sound, images, videos or graphics. As you know, all images are made out of tiny dots called pixels and each pixel has a color which is composed of red green and blue colors that can correspond to numbers. Videos and graphics also are consist of images. Consequently, with numbers, there is nothing we can't do.
Let's take a closer look at how circuits can modify and process information . The simpliest element of circuits are transistors. Transistors come together and generates logic gates. For example "not" logic gate, takes an electrick signal and flips it. More complicated logic gates can take multiple signals and combine them to give results. "And" logic gate, take two signal and gives only both of them are 1 at the same time as an output. By connecting these logic gates together, we can make more complex circuits that perform more complex calculations. Bringing together all these sophisticated circuits, comprise a CPU which is Central Processing Unit.
The CPU is the master chip that controls all the other parts of the computer. A CPU needs to do different things, so inside it has smaller, simplier parts that handle spesific tasks. It has circuits to do simple math and logic or send and receive information to and from different parts of the computer. Binary code is the most basic form of software and it controls all the hardware of a computer. But we command the CPU with programming languages, which convert your commands to binary code to CPU'S understanding.
When we use the computer, we do lost of things at the same time. However one CPU can process only one command at the same time. In this case, CPU is switching between jobs constanly so fast that, we can't even realize they are not actually synchronize. This work is implemented by operating system. It is the master program that manages how software uses the hardware of a computer. As a result, we can watch videos, or surf on the internet just with a couple of click without any encoding and grappling with bits.
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